factors, have played a significant

factors, have played a significant

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environment, as well as cultural and psychological factors, have played a significant role. First of all, the Japanese government has made substantial investments in its social security system. Throughout the “Lost Decades”, one data point remained notably stable, and that is the Gini coefficient. In a context of economic stagnation, wage stagnation, and downward social mobility, many might have expected a sharp widening of the income gap in Japan. Indeed, in terms of initial income distribution, Japan’s Gini coefficient rose significantly from 0.43 in 1990 to 0.57 in 2021. However, what is striking is that the Gini coefficient after redistribution consistently remained around 0.38, showing virtually no change over the 30-year period. ดูหนังออนไลน์